<p>The Battle–Friedman House  is an antebellum town home located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The house was built in 1835 by Alfred Battle and his wife, Millicent Battle. The house&#39;s grounds include the only remaining documented antebellum garden in the state. The house itself is noted for its vernacular use of monumental boxed columns. The Battle family lived in the house until 1875, when the home was purchased by Bernard Friedman. The Friedman family continued to reside in the house until Victor Hugo Friedman died in 1965, leaving the house to the city of Tuscaloosa. The Tuscaloosa County Preservation Society currently maintains the house as a historic house museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Tacoma Mausoleum is a mausoleum in Tacoma, Washington, United States. Built in 1910, the mausoleum was the first such structure in the USA to be built west of the Mississippi River. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the mausoleum was sued by David Rea and his wife, who claimed that the existence of a mausoleum near homes constituted a nuisance. They were suing in an attempt to prevent the already built mausoleum from adding further structures on its premises, but the Washington Supreme Court ruled against them.</p><br>
<p>Bloomfield Academy was a Chickasaw school for girls founded in 1852 by the Reverend John Harpole Carr, located in the Chickasaw Nation in Indian Territory, about 3 miles southeast of the present town of Achille, Oklahoma. A boarding school funded by both the Missouri Conference of the Methodist Church and the government of the Chickasaw Nation, it operated there until 1914, which a major fire destroyed most buildings. Now privately owned, the site of the former academy near Achille was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The academy relocated to a new facility in Ardmore, Oklahoma. In 1934 it was renamed as Carter Seminary. In 2004, Carter Seminary moved to a new campus on Lake Texoma, where it continues to operate. It is part of the Chickasaw Children&#39;s Village, which offers a variety of programs for youth.</p><br>
<p>The Academy and all other boarding schools in Indian Territory had closed during the Civil War. The property was taken over by the Chickasaw Battalion, a Confederate Army unit. After the war, Carr was appointed to a new position by the Methodist Church South. (The church had split into regional organizations before the Civil War, largely over the issue of slavery.) Carr&#39;s second wife died and, after he married for a third time in 1865, the couple moved to Texas.</p><br>
<p>The Chickasaw Nation government took control of Bloomfield Academy and reopened it in 1867, establishing it as coeducational. A series of superintendents directed the school. In 1876 a school for boys was authorized by the Chickasaw council, and Bloomfield returned to serving girls only. Perhaps the most notable superintendent was Douglas H. Johnston, a Chickasaw alumnus who served in the post from 1880 until 1895. In 1897, Johnston was elected as governor of the Chickasaw Nation, a position he held until the Chickasaw government was abolished in 1907 by Oklahoma Statehood.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-Civil War</h2><br>
<p>In the fall of 1847, the Missouri Conference appointed Rev. Carr to superintend the construction of Bloomfield Academy in the Choctaw Nation. A licensed Methodist preacher, he had joined the "Indian Mission Conference" in 1845; he served on the Doaksville circuit for six years. His first wife, Harriet, died in 1847.</p><br>
<p>Carr continued his work for the school and remarried in June 1852, to Angelina Hosmer, a native of Massachusetts. As was typical of missionary wives, his new wife joined the Academy&#39;s faculty. In 1852, Carr selected a site and began construction of the school, performing some of the manual labor himself.</p><br>
<p>Funding was always tight. The Academy received an annual contribution of $1000 from a fund that Congress had approved for George Washington, but which the former president had set apart for educational purposes. The Choctaw Nation and later the Chickasaw Nation contributed two-thirds of the annual operating expenses, while the Methodist Board contributed one-third. Carr was able to limit expenditures by performing all the carpentry and cabinet work, as he was a skilled woodworker.</p><br>
<p>In addition, he supervised the cultivation of corn, wheat and potatoes on the Academy property. He added two orchards producing peaches, plums and apples. It was typical of boarding schools to raise most of their own food. Mrs. Carr taught the girls handicrafts ("fancy work") and music.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the Civil War, Bloomfield&#39;s curriculum consisted of basic academics, and domestic and religious topics. Domestic classes covered sewing, cooking and housework, such as that the girls could expect to be responsible for. Carr had the students memorize Christian scriptures, in an effort to convert them from Chickasaw traditions.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War</h2><br>
<p>When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Bloomfield and all other boarding schools in Indian Territory were closed. Many of the Chickasaw men enlisted on the Confederate side. Bloomfield Academy closed in May 1861. The Carrs continued to live at the facility, and Angelina Carr died here in September 1864. During the war, the facility operated as a free private school for Chickasaw students.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the Chickasaw Battalion, a Confederate Army unit, planned to occupy it, but the facility was not large enough for all the soldiers. While the Carr family remained, the soldiers camped outdoors and used a small building in the yard for a doctor&#39;s office. They also used the sitting room for stores, and the school house as a hospital. Near the end of the war, Rev. Carr learned that his oldest son, Joel Henry, who had been promoted to first lieutenant, had died of a gunshot wound.</p><br>
<h2>Post Civil War</h2><br>
<h3>Carrs move to Texas</h3><br>
<p>Rev. Carr married his third wife, S. J. Johnson, a teacher at the academy, in August 1865. In September 1866, the Indian Mission Annual Conference met at Bloomfield. Carr was appointed Presiding Elder of Choctaw and Chickasaw District.</p><br>
<p>The Carrs left Bloomfield in December 1867. They settled in Paris, Texas. No longer Presiding Elder, Carr served for a time as a supply (substitute minister) on the local circuit. Because of illnesses within his family, he was needed at home, and took a job at a local furniture store. Rev. Carr contracted pneumonia and died on December 29, 1876.</p><br>
<h3>Post-war Bloomfield becomes coeducational</h3><br>
<p>In 1867 the Chickasaw government reopened Bloomfield Academy as a coeducational school, hiring Captain Frederic Young as superintendent the first year. Dr. and Mrs. H. F. Murray succeeded Young, serving for two years. Professor Robert Cole led the school from 1870 to 1875. Professor J. E. Wharton was superintendent from 1876 to 1880. He was followed by Robert Boyd, who served into 1882.</p><br>
<p>In 1876, the Chickasaw legislature had authorized funding for the Chickasaw Manual Labor Academy, a school for Chickasaw boys. Bloomfield Academy was reserved again for girls only. Douglas H. Johnston and his wife completed Boyd&#39;s term, and received a new 5-year contract.efnDouglas Johnston was an alumnus of the school, one of the first boys admitted as a student after Bloomfield became co-educational. His wife died during this time, and Johnston remarried in 1885. The couple served at Bloomfield until 1895.</p><br>
<p>That year Johnston was elected as governor of the Chickasaw Nation. He used his office to promote formal education among the Chickasaw. Professor Elihu B. Hinshaw succeeded Johnston and served until 1906. Hinshaw is credited with obtaining a charter from the Chickasaw Legislature for Bloomfield Academy to confer diplomas on students who completed the school&#39;s curriculum. J. R. Hendricks served after Hinshaw. He was succeeded by Annie Ream Addington, who remained in charge until 1914, when the main building burned down. Instead of rebuilding there, Bloomfield Academy relocated to the larger town of Ardmore, Oklahoma. The site of the former academy near Achille is now privately owned; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 for its significance in Chickasaw educational history.</p><br>
<p>After passage of the Curtis Act in 1898, which dismantled tribal governments in Indian Territory, control of the school was taken over by the federal government, namely, the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the Department of Interior.</p><br>
<h3>Postwar curriculum</h3><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the curriculum was adapted to contemporary conditions. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the school&#39;s aim was "...to educate students to become leaders, to participate in both Indian and white communities, and to help Chickasaws transcend significant social and economic boundaries." Domestic training was eliminated, and religious training was de-emphasized. The academic training became more like that of a junior college. The school became known as the "Bryn Mawr of the West."</p><br>
<p>After relocating to Ardmore, Bloomfield resumed operations. In 1934, it was renamed as Carter Seminary. The new name honored Charles D. Carter. In 1949, Carter Seminary became co-educational. It served as a boarding school for Native American children from all over the United States. It necessarily offered a pan-Native American approach, rather than one focused on Chickasaw culture.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, plans were made to relocate the Seminary to a new facility and campus of 160 acres of land on Lake Texoma, near Kingston, Oklahoma. The Seminary became part of what is known as Chickasaw Children&#39;s Village there. The new facility opened in 2004 and continues to operate.</p><br>
<p>Frontier House is considered the "crown jewel" of Lewistons historic district and one of the most historic landmarks in Western New York. In the early 1800s it was known as the finest hotel in America, west of Albany. It has been home to several Niagara County businessmen and honored guests. The building has been on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Niagara County, New York since 1974. It has served as a hotel, private home, a fine dining restaurant, museum, and a fast food establishment . It is found in Western New York, about ten minutes from Niagara Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Frontier House, built in 1824, is situated at 460 Center Street, Lewiston, New York, of Niagara County and was hailed as the best hotel west of Albany. Prominent business men of Lewiston, Benjamin and Samuel Barton along with Joshua Fairbanks headed the building of the tavern.</p><br>
<p>The Frontier House was constructed of stone from the Bay of Quinte at the Northeastern end of Lake Ontario. 18 men worked 18 months in laying up the solid stone 30-inch walls. Fifteen fireplaces would keep visitors warm. Everyone in town could see the smoke bellowing from the chimneys on the east and west side of the building. It was an imposing structure that fulfilled Benjamin Bartons expectations and was ready to house Gov. Dewitt Clinton and other state officials who came to Lewiston after the official opening of the Erie Canal in Lockport. When completed, the structure stood four stories tall. Its rectangular shape, double parallel chimneys, oval windows, full-width porch and hipped roof is characterized as the Federal style of architecture. Benjamin Bartons office was on the first floor with a large ballroom on the second floor. The third floor included fourteen bedrooms with fireplaces and the fourth floor was used for meetings, famously for free masons.</p><br>
<p>The structure was added to the National Register of Historic places on July 8, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Guests</h2><br>
<p>Dewitt Clinton, President William McKinley, Samuel Clemens, Charles Dickens, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John L. Sullivan and Jenny Lind were all honored guests of the Frontier House. In the 1800s ten coach trains arrived and departed from the Frontier House hotel daily carrying these among other influential people.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was maintained by its descendants and later turned into a private home. George Rector purchased the inn and added the Frontier House Restaurant. Daughters of Rector inherited the hotel in the 1930s. In the economic boom of the 1960s area factories in Niagara Falls were welcoming newcomers at a rate of 11,000. The Frontier House rented its rooms to sleep three for each eight-hour shift because of the growing demand for housing. In June 1964, Mr. and Mrs. James Russell of Buffalo renovated the hotel into a museum and restaurant. Dining rooms, the Lafayette Ballroom was named on the second floor, a Victorian parlor and Early American bedroom styles were presented on the third floor and the fourth was private quarters. In September 1973, the manager and chef of Frontier House were rescued in a fire. One dining room was destroyed along with widespread water damage. Two years later the historic hotel of Lewistons future was handed to William McDonald, who restored the interior and leased it to the McDonalds food chain. McDonald&#39;s closed in 2004, and the structure has been vacant ever since. It was acquired by the village of Lewiston in July 2013.</p><br>
<p>1819: Robert Troup owns property today known as 460 Center Street.</p><br>
<p>1824: Benjamin Barton, his son, Samuel and Joshua Fairbanks reach an agreement with Troup to begin constructing the Frontier House.</p><br>
<p>1825: The Frontier House opens the same year the Erie Canal begins service that switched commerce from Lewiston to Buffalo.</p><br>
<p>1826: William Morgan, the Masonic traitor, was kidnapped by Masons and brought the Frontier House. He was later transferred to Fort Niagara and disappeared.</p><br>
<p>1828: Benjamin Barton becomes owner of the Frontier House.</p><br>
<p>1843: Amos Tryon becomes owner.</p><br>
<p>1844 to 1963: Generations of the Raymond family own and operate the Frontier House.</p><br>
<p>1963: James Russell Smith buys the Frontier House and later renovates it.</p><br>
<p>1969: Louis Bolis, from Canada, buys the Frontier House. Local attorney, William McDonald, represents him.</p><br>
<p>1977: McDonald’s Corp. leases the property to operate the fast food franchise. Jorge Garzon is the first franchise owner. Frank Wasko is the manager.</p><br>
<p>2000: Richard Hastings buys the property for $270,000</p><br>
<p>2004: After 27 years, McDonald&#39;s closes operations at the site.</p><br>
<p>2018: Mayor Collesano and the Village Board sign an agreement to purchase the Frontier House for $800,000. A provision allows the Village to transfer the agreement to another buyer.</p><br>
<p>2019: Newly elected Mayor Anne Welch finds a private buyer and the agreement is transferred to a partnership of Jeff and Jerry Williams of Lewiston, and William Paladino of Buffalo. The bulk of the mortgage is financed by Lewiston resident, Bill Game.</p><br>
<p>2023: Developers announce $6 million project to fully restore the Frontier House with project completion scheduled for late 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Haunting accounts</h2><br>
<p>The Frontier House of Lewiston is believed to be haunted by a bricklayer who opposed the Free Masons. William Morgan was kidnapped and held behind the house until he allegedly was imprisoned at Fort Niagara. Hotel employees claimed doors opened and closed voluntarily. Workers during the remodeling of the house for the McDonald&#39;s restaurant found tools and other equipment disappear before their eyes. Contractors heard strange sounds and windows opened. The ghost of an elderly man was purportedly seen in the pantry and an employee showering in the residence alleges to have seen the silhouette of a woman. There is a theory that while the structure was being built, one worker fell from the third floor into the basement and died. The legend says that two of his fellow workers stuffed him in a stone used to build the wall of the basement to cover up the evidence.</p><br>
<p>Historic 25th Street is a historic district located in Ogden, Utah, United States, the lower portion of which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .</p><br>
<p>The Historic 25th Street neighborhood occupies three blocks of 25th Street, beginning at Wall Avenue (Utah State Route 204) on the west end and ending at Washington Boulevard on the east, with Lincoln and Grant Avenues transecting.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of 25th Street began with the opening of Union Station, at the west end of the street, during the completion of the First transcontinental railroad in 1869. Twenty-Fifth Street, originally known as 5th Street, lay a short distance away from the main depot where the rail lines converged. Many hotels and restaurants were built on 5th Street to give travelers an escape from the chaotic depot scene. Fifth Street became 25th Street in 1889, a year in which some historians claim the area gained its reputation for corruption and immorality. Later, another rail line, the Utah Northern Railroad, was built between Franklin, Idaho and Ogden. The Ogden Union Station Depot became the hub for the Utah Northern Railroad, and served as a major railroad junction. The original structure of the Union Station Depot was destroyed by a fire in 1923.</p><br>
<p>During the early 20th century, 25th Street was a center of activity in Ogden. Home to retail shops, restaurants, ice cream parlors, hotels, and laundries, the street was also a common site for illicit activities such as gambling, prostitution and narcotic sales. Popularly known as "Two-Bit Street", the area obtained such a seedy reputation that Al Capone is rumored to have said that Ogden was too wild a town for him. An urban legend tells of a system of tunnels that bootleggers created during prohibition to move alcohol from Union Station to the Bigelow-Ben Lomond Hotel located on the east end of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, 25th Street was cleaned up as part of a citywide crime-reduction effort led by Mayor Lorin Farr (a descendant of Ogden&#39;s first mayor, Lorin Farr).</p><br>
<h2>Historic 25th Street today</h2><br>
<p>The old style buildings and the history of 25th Street attract local patrons to it today. Historic 25th Street features restaurants, art galleries, retail shops, and hosts outdoor community events such as a farmers&#39; market (July through September) and car shows. The rebuilt Union Station houses the Utah State Railroad Museums, the John M. Browning Arms Museum, and the Browning-Kimball Classic Car Museum. The street is also the location for the Ogden City Municipal Building and the Federal Courthouse. The street has become a tourist attraction for Ogden visitors wanting to explore the history of the western United States. Twenty-Fifth Street was also a filming site for the 2002 television series Everwood and the 1999 movie Drive Me Crazy.</p><br>
<p>Liendo Plantation is an historic cotton plantation in Waller County, Texas, United States. Named after its original owner, José Justo Liendo, the plantation was purchased in 1873 by sculptor Elisabet Ney and her husband, physician Edmund Montgomery.</p><br>
<p>The plantation home was given a state historical marker in 1936, and the entire plantation was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1964. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land that is now Liendo Plantation was granted to José Justo Liendo in 1828, when the region was a part of Mexico. In 1841, Leonard Waller Groce purchased the plot, making the land into a working cotton plantation, adding a plantation house to the site in 1853. During the American Civil War, the Confederate States Army used the complex as "Camp Groce," first as a training camp and then as a military prison.</p><br>
<h2>The Civil War and aftermath</h2><br>
<h3>1861–1862</h3><br>
<p>The Confederate Military Post of Hempstead was established in the Spring of 1861. Numerous camps of instruction were established east of town along Clear Creek. Camp Hebert was established on the eastern bank of Clear Creek and south of Washington Road. Camp Hebert was the earliest camp in the area and served as the headquarters of the Post of Hempstead early in the war.</p><br>
<p>Camp Groce CSA was established in the spring of 1862 on Liendo Plantation on the eastern bank of Clear Creek as a camp of instruction for Confederate infantry recruits. Originally named Camp Liendo, the name was changed to Camp Groce in honor of Leonard Waller Groce, the owner of Liendo Plantation and the enslaver of over 100 people. A contract to construct the barracks at Camps Groce and Hebert was let in February 1862. Numerous Confederate infantry regiments were organized, trained, and equipped at Camps Groce and Hebert. The camps were abandoned in the spring of 1862 due to their sickly locations. Camp Groce was reused as a military camp until the spring of 1863 but was again abandoned. From 1861 to 1863, nearly 200 Confederate soldiers fell sick at Camps Groce and Hebert and died. Many were taken to the Post Hospital in the Planter&#39;s Exchange Hotel located at the southwest corner of 12th and Wilkins Streets in downtown Hempstead. Many died in the hospital, and almost all of them were buried on McDade Plantation west of town, which became the hospital cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>1863</h3><br>
<p>In June 1863, the Confederate Army re-opened Camp Groce prison camp for US Army prisoners captured in the Battles of Galveston (January 1, 1863) and Sabine Pass I (January 21, 1863). The Confederacy also sent US prisoners of war taken at the Battle of Sabine Pass II (September 8, 1863) to Camp Groce. In 1863, the Confederate Army imprisoned 427 US prisoners of war. That year 21 prisoners died; most were buried northeast of the camp, where most still rest.</p><br>
<h3>1864</h3><br>
<p>In May 1864, the Confederacy re-opened Camp Groce to imprison 148 USA Army prisoners of war captured at the Battle of Calcasieu Pass, Louisiana. The prisoners included the crew of the USS Granite City and USS Wave, Tinclad #45, and 37 soldiers. The Confederate Army sent about 40 soldiers from the 1st Texas US Cavalry to Camp Groce in June 1864 and transferred 506 more US prisoners to Camp Groce from Camp Ford in August 1864. Yellow fever and other diseases affected the prisoners. They were moved to Camp Gillespie near Bellville in late September 1864 and then to Camp Felder, 6.5 miles north-northwest of Chappell Hill, Texas. 221 prisoners died or were missing from Camps Groce, Gillespie, and Felder in 1864. 444 were paroled in December 1864.</p><br>
<p>1863: 427 POWs, 21 died, 2 escaped</p><br>
<p>1864: 683 POWs, 147 died, 28 missing, 18 escaped, 13 deserted to the enemy, 14 status unknown, and 1 political prisoner held by CS authorities until released in May 1865.</p><br>
<p>Totals: 1,110 POWs held, 168 died, 28 missing, 20 escaped, 13 deserted to the enemy, 14 status unknown</p><br>
<p>At least 277 Confederate soldiers died or went missing in and around Hempstead, Texas, during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Most US and CS soldiers who died in and around Hempstead, Texas, during the Civil War are buried in the area. They are buried in 3 primary locations in and around Camp Groce and west of town on the old McDade Plantation Cemetery on Austin Branch Road near Sorsby Road. A Texas State Historical Marker is entitled "Union Army POW Cemetery". Still, numerous US Navy POWs were buried there, along with multiple Confederate soldiers who died in the hospitals in downtown Hempstead.</p><br>
<p>Recently, a Waller County Historical Marker was placed within the boundaries of Camp Groce. It is located east of FM 359, just south of Clear Creek. Entitled "Camp Groce Cemetery," the marker commemorates the deaths and burial location of US prisoners of war and Confederate soldiers who died and were buried within the boundaries of Camp Groce. Also, the Washington County Historical Commission has placed a Texas State Historical Marker, "Camp Felder", on the west side of FM 1155 north of Chappell Hill, Texas, to commemorate Camp Felder CSA.</p><br>
<h3>1865</h3><br>
<p>About 8,000 Confederate soldiers from Walker&#39;s Division (commanded by Maj. Gen. John H. Forney) were ordered to Hempstead from Louisiana in March 1865. Upon the arrival of the division on March 24–30, 1865, the division began waiting for Confederate President Jefferson Davis to arrive to make the Last Stand of the Confederacy at Hempstead, Texas. Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865, Johnston surrendered on April 26, 1865, and Davis was captured in Georgia on May 10, 1865, all of which compelled Confederate Maj. Gen. Kirby Smith to surrender the Department of the Trans-Mississippi on June 2, 1865. All Confederate forces in Hempstead and all other CS posts in Texas mostly went home. Immediately after the surrender of CS forces in Texas, it took about a month before US troops entered the state. The first US forces to arrive in Hempstead after the war was the 29th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The 29th was relieved by the 37th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment that garrisoned the US Post of Hempstead, Texas, well into 1866.</p><br>
<p>In August 1865, Maj. Gen. George A. Custer arrived in Hempstead with a division of volunteer US cavalry. The division camped in and around Liendo Plantation for about two months before moving to Austin or was mustered out of the service at Hempstead in 1865–66. The cavalry regiments under the command of Custer at Hempstead were the 1st Iowa, 2nd Wisconsin, 7th Indiana, and the 5th and 12th Illinois Cavalry. Company K of the 37th Illinois Volunteer Infantry occupied the town and guarded the railroad line until the regiment was mustered out in May 1866. The headquarters of the US Post of Hempstead was located in town and not at Liendo Plantation.</p><br>
<p>US Forces fanned out and set up camps in numerous towns. Their mission was to parole former Confederate troops, collect CS property, and establish law and order. However, many former CS troops did not report for their paroles and fled to Mexico. The volunteer US regiments stationed in Texas were nearly gone from the state by the end of 1865.</p><br>
<h3>1866–1869</h3><br>
<p>In 1866, the 1st Battalion, Companies A and B of the 17th US Infantry, was stationed at Hempstead. The battalion arrived for duty in Hempstead in the Fall of 1866. They set up camp north of the US Post Office in downtown Hempstead. Their mission was primarily in support of the Freedmen&#39;s Bureau. In the Fall of 1867, a yellow fever epidemic devastated the civilian population of Hempstead, and nearly 40 soldiers of the 17th US Infantry died as well.</p><br>
<p>On March 4, 1873, the plantation and home were purchased by German American sculptor Elisabet Ney and Scottish American physician and scientist Edmund Montgomery, a married couple moving to Texas from Georgia. Ney and Montgomery occupied the plantation from 1873 through Montgomery&#39;s death in 1911, though from 1892 Ney largely removed to Austin, Texas. Both are buried on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Camp Nelson National Monument, formerly the Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park, is a 525 acre national monument, historical museum and park located in southern Jessamine County, Kentucky, United States, 20 mi south of Lexington, Kentucky. The American Civil War era camp was established in 1863 as a depot for the Union Army during the Civil War. It became a recruiting ground for new soldiers from Eastern Tennessee and enslaved people, many of whom had fled their living conditions to be soldiers.</p><br>
<p>On October 26, 2018, President Donald Trump proclaimed the site as Camp Nelson National Monument, the 418th unit of the National Park Service (NPS) system. The Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves&#39; Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund funded the forested portion overlooking Hickman Creek.</p><br>
<p>The American Battlefield Trust and its partners joined forces in 2018 to help preserve more than 380 acres of Camp Nelson.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>Camp Nelson was established as a supply depot for Union advances into Tennessee. It was named for Major General William "Bull" Nelson, who had recently been murdered. It was placed near Hickman Bridge, the only bridge across the Kentucky River upriver from the state capital (Frankfort, Kentucky). The site was selected to protect the bridge, to have a base of operations in central Kentucky, and to prepare to secure the Cumberland Gap and eastern Tennessee. The camp was also used to train new soldiers for the Union army. The Kentucky River and Hickman Creek steep palisades contributed to the selection of the site. Only the northern side needed fortifications against Confederate attack since three sides have 400–500 feet almost vertical steep cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Camp Nelson may have been the choice for a central Kentucky depot, but it had disadvantages. When Union Major General Ambrose Burnside attacked the Cumberland Gap and Knoxville, Tennessee, Camp Nelson&#39;s distance from the Gap and Knoxville, combined with lack of railroads and the weather, hampered the Union advance.</p><br>
<p>Its drawbacks as a well situated supply depot led General William Tecumseh Sherman to prioritize Camp Nelson to take a major role in training 10,000 black soldiers who volunteered there for the USA Colored Troops. He advocated this role in response to overall Union commander Ulysses S. Grant who visited Camp Nelson in January 1864. Grant had observed the inadequacies in the overland supply routes employed and leaned toward abandoning it entirely. Despite Grant&#39;s misgivings, Camp Nelson continued supplying major battles in 1864 such as Saltville VA I and Saltville VA II, as well as Atlanta for which the site provided 10,000 horses.</p><br>
<p>Recognizing that the Camp Nelson supply depot and the nearby Hickman Bridge were valuable targets for Confederate raider General John Hunt Morgan, Union forces geared up for attacks in July 1863 and June 1864. The most serious threat was mid-June 1864 when Brig. General Speed S. Fry called upon volunteers from among civilian employees. Six hundred were armed and performed guard duty at the northern fortifications around the clock for 6 days. Major C. E. Compton said that due to these civilians, “the depot was saved from capture and destruction.”</p><br>
<h3>Black History: troops, impressed workers, refugees, and emancipation</h3><br>
<p>Kentucky was one of four slaveholding states not joining the 11 other slaveholding southern states in forming the Confederate States of America which was in a rebellion rooted in decades of disputes over slavery. Kentucky blacks, enslaved and not, men and women, majorly contributed to the Union war effort in Kentucky initially as laborers, but ultimately as soldiers in infantry, artillery, and cavalry.</p><br>
<p>Because Kentucky was a slaveholding state, but not one in rebellion, those escaping could not be included as contrabands as defined by the Confiscation Act of 1861. This law applied to the Confederacy only and declared that if enslaved people are considered property, then the military has the right to not only deny the access to the owner but also to impress these individuals into work. Nonetheless, the Union Army in the state began impressing thousands of enslaved men, initially only the disloyal or those who had already fled into Union camps. In the case of disloyal or unknown slave holders, wages and subsistence were paid to the enslaved person. Loyal slaveholders were compensated.</p><br>
<p>Specific to Camp Nelson August 1863, Brig. General Jeremiah Boyle, authorized Commander Speed S. Fry to impress enslaved males, ages 16–45 within 14 counties of Central Kentucky, up to one-third of the enslaver&#39;s workforce. Just as the military contracted to buy food and livestock, likewise it contracted with slave owning Union loyalists to procure enslaved men to labor at Camp Nelson. An example is agent George Denny who impressed Gabriel Burdett from nearby farm of Hiram Burdett. Compensation of $30 per month for each impressed worker went to slave owners. By 1864, some like Gabriel Burdett would eventually enlist in the USA Colored Troops.</p><br>
<p>Consequentially, an estimated 3,000 impressed workers were stationed at Camp Nelson in 1863 performing labor-intensive tasks critical to the camp&#39;s founding and defense. Starting with fortifying the strategic Hickman Bridge in May, 1863, they aided in the construction of railroads, the northern fortifications and forts, and the 300 buildings. in 1863.</p><br>
<p>President Lincoln&#39;s Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 freed the enslaved only in the rebellious 11 states in the Confederacy. The War Department then publicly authorized the recruitment and training of African Americans in these states. Though a slave holding state, Kentucky was not in rebellion, so the proclamation and the military authorization did not apply.</p><br>
<p>Upon enlistment African Americans were emancipated from slavery in exchange for service in the Union Army. Kentucky recruited and trained more than 23,000 of the approximate 200,000 USA Colored Troops (USCT), making it the second largest contributor of any state. Camp Nelson was the largest site in Kentucky with more than 10,000 recruits. Eight regiments were founded at Camp Nelson and five others were stationed there during the war.</p><br>
<p>With the goal of enlistment of Kentucky blacks into the Union Army, Lincoln authorized a special census in 1863 which showed 1,650 freemen and 40,000 enslaved males of military age.</p><br>
<p>By April, enslaved men, despite the stipulation of owner consent, fled to enlist. The military, when uncertain of the consent, routinely sent men back to their owners. This situation led to a wave of violence as the military allowed squads hired to seize runaways from Camp Nelson. Chief Quartermaster Captain Theron E. Hall reported the site had become a “hunting ground for fugitives.” The army&#39;s help led to brutality. Owners severed ears and flayed men alive as they were bound to trees.</p><br>
<p>Due to the wave of violence, by June 1864 owners’ consent was no longer required, as ordered by Union Army Adj. Gen. Lorenzo Thomas.</p><br>
<p>Among groups of African-American recruits, the largest arrived between June and October 1864, with 322 men enlisting on a single day on July 25. In May, 1864, the first large group arrived, 250 recruits from Danville, a distance of 16 miles. These groups and others en route to Camp Nelson were subject to harassment and violence. For example, the Danville group “was assailed with stones and the content of revolvers,” reported Thomas Butler, superintendent of the United States Sanitary Commission.</p><br>
<p>Peter Bruner&#39;s attempt to enlist was initially thwarted when he was captured by men unknown to him and jailed in nearby Nicholasville with 24 others seeking USCT enlistment at Camp Nelson.</p><br>
<p>Rev. John Gregg Fee of the American Missionary Association (AMA) observed that “three of five recruits bore on their bodies marks of cruelty.” Despite this, army surgeons upon examining recruits found the vast majority to be healthy and very fit to serve.</p><br>
<p>Families of soldiers and others fleeing slavery seeking refuge at Union camps such as Camp Nelson were referred to as refugees. Unlike the soldiers, the refugees were initially not eligible for emancipation. The army did not have a clear policy for refugees, but they were allowed to establish a shanty village at Camp Nelson.</p><br>
<p>However, seven eviction orders were issued between July and November 1864, all intended to rid the camp of refugee families. Ordered to leave, the women and children habitually returned because they had nowhere else to go.</p><br>
<p>Since these orders were ineffective, on November 22–25, 1864, District Commander Speed S. Fry, native of Danville, KY, under pressure from slave-owners, resorted to violence. He ordered soldiers to force out under threat of death 400 women and children onto wagons and escort them out of the camp. Fry ordered soldiers to torch the refugee huts. Temperatures that day were well below freezing. The refugees suffered 102 deaths due to exposure and disease.</p><br>
<p>Camp Nelson Chief Quartermaster Theron E. Hall and Reverend John Gregg Fee of the American Missionary Association led a public outcry to newspapers, high ranking Washington officials, and the northern public. Hall gathered testimony from USCT soldiers on the battered conditions of their families and submitted them to Brig. General Stephen G. Burbridge, commander of the District of Kentucky. Burbridge ordered Fry to immediately cease expulsions, allow the families to return, and provide quarters. Edwin Stanton, Lincoln&#39;s Secretary of War, followed up with an order that a permanent shelter be established for all refugees, regardless of any family ties to USCT troops.</p><br>
<p>The New York Tribune published a front page account on Nov. 28, 1864 entitled Cruel Treatment of the Wives and Children of USA Colored Soldiers. “At this moment, over four hundred helpless human beings....having been driven from their homes by United States soldiers, are now lying in barns and mule sheds, wandering through the woods....literally starving, for no other crime than their husbands and fathers having thrown aside the manacles of Slavery to shoulder Union muskets.”</p><br>
<p>By December 1864, the military reversed its policies, and authorized the construction of the Home for Colored Refugees. Included were 16 by 16 foot duplex cottages for families, a mess hall, barracks, a school, teachers’ quarters and a dormitory.</p><br>
<p>Spurred by these events, on March 3, 1865, a Congressional Act was passed that freed the wives and children of the USA Colored Troops. This blow to slavery caused the population of the Home to peak at 3,060 by July 1865. This surpassed capacity, and added were 60 army supplied large wall tents as well makeshift housing constructed by the refugees, similar to before the expulsion. An obelisk at the refugee cemetery north of the Interpretive Center honors the memory of about 300 of the refugees who died at Camp Nelson. Some of those perished as a result of the expulsion of November 1864.</p><br>
<p>The two story school was staffed by the AMA and the Western Freedmans Aid Commission. Two African Americans were included, E. Belle Mitchell and Reverend Gabriel Burdett who was also a USCT soldier and assisted Fee in ministry work. The AMAs position on total racial equality was tested at Camp Nelson when Fee hired Mitchell. The AMA-salaried white teachers refused to eat in the same dining room with her and walked out in protest.</p><br>
<p>Also included were two barracks that became the refugee hospital. Infectious disease was prevalent and some 1300 refugees died at Camp Nelson.</p><br>
<p>Units raised at Camp Nelson are the 5th and 6th USA Colored Cavalry (USCC); the 114th, 116th, 119th, and 124th Colored Infantry; and the 13th and 12th United States Colored Heavy Artillery.</p><br>
<h3>Notable engagements of Camp Nelson Colored Troops</h3><br>
<p>Among notable engagements of the 5th and 6th USCC are the Battle of Saltville I and the Battle of Saltville II in southwestern Virginia. Brig. General Stephen G. Burbridge lead the Ill-fated Saltville I, the objective of which was to destroy the Confederate saltworks, which had been fortified by impressed enslaved workers whose owners were compensated. Though Saltville I in October 1864 was a defeat, Colonel James Sanks Brisbin reported his admiration for the bravery and tenacity of the 400 soldiers, noting that he&#39;d been in 27 battles with the white troops and seen none more courageous. Of the colored troops, 10 were killed in action and 37 wounded. Post battle, a scene of criminal violence was unleashed. Soldiers in the 5th USCC and in two companies of the 6th USCC were murdered, some in a hospital, totaling 47. Leading these attacks was Champ Ferguson, who after the war was tried in Nashville, TN for War crimes, sentenced to death, and hanged in October 1865.</p><br>
<p>In December 1864, in the successful second assault on Saltville were the 5th and 6th USCC, units which included survivors of the first battle. General George Stoneman and Burbridge engaged General John C. Breckinridge, a Kentuckian and former vice president, in nearby Marion, VA, outnumbering their opponents by four to one. Breckinridge retreated after two days. Union troops destroyed the saltworks, and considerably damaged neighboring lead mines and railroads. The USCC troops continued to add to their hard-won reputation.</p><br>
<p>The USCC 5th were again subjected to a murderous assault like that of Saltville I in January 1865 in Simpsonville, KY. Assigned to herd about 1,000 cattle from Camp Nelson to Louisville, KY, 80 soldiers of Company E 5th USCC were ambushed by Confederate guerrillas led by Capt. Dick Taylor. First attacked were the 41 soldiers bringing up the rear, most of whom could not fire due to fouled powder. Locals found 15 dead and 20 wounded and reported Taylor&#39;s men boasting about murdering 19 Union soldiers. Lt. Colonel Louis H. Carpenter of the 5th documented the names of the guerrillas and urged a prosecution. This never happened. In 2009, a memorial was placed on the site of the ambush.</p><br>
<p>The 6th USCC and the 114th and 116th Colored Infantry were active in General Grant&#39;s Appomattox Campaign, March to April 1864. These units took part in both the siege of Petersburg, Virginia and of Richmond, Virginia, the capitol and seat of government of the Confederacy. These soldiers were engaged in the pursuit of Confederate General Robert E. Lee to the Appomattox Courthouse where they witnessed the surrender of the Confederate Army.</p><br>
<h3>White Refugees and Union Troops from East Tennessee</h3><br>
<p>Thousands of the destitute from this area came in a constant steam seeking succor at Camp Nelson. Thomas D. Butler, a superintendent of the United States Sanitary Commission, who had as his responsibility their care, described the situation of one refugee family with six children, “...the rebels had driven her and her children from their home, and destroyed their property...for many weeks...wandered, homeless, hungry and sick, through cold and stormy weather, to reach Camp Nelson.” The husband was a discharged Union soldier who was captured en route with the family. He escaped and journeyed to Camp Nelson where the family was reunited.</p><br>
<p>Several East Tennessee regiments were trained and organized here.</p><br>
<p>Commanded by Felix A. Reeve, the 8th Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, organized at Camp Dick Robinson and Camp Nelson from November 1862 to August 1863, participated in the Knoxville Campaign and subsequent East Tennessee operations from November 4 to December 23, 1863.</p><br>
<p>Five companies of the 5th East Tennessee Cavalry (also known as the 8th Tennessee Cavalry) June to August 1863</p><br>
<p>The 10th, 12th, 13th Cavalry and Battery E of First Tennessee Light Artillery</p><br>
<p>For a 10-minute video summary of the site&#39;s history and significance narrated by Dr. W. Stephen McBride, former director of interpretation and archaeology, go to this link.</p><br>
<h3>Post War</h3><br>
<p>After the war, Camp Nelson was a center for giving ex-slaves their emancipation papers. Many have considered the camp as their "cradle of freedom".</p><br>
<p>The United States Sanitary Commission (USSC) operated a soldiers&#39; home for a time at Camp Nelson, in former barracks. It was one of a series of homes and rest houses they operated for soldiers.</p><br>
<p>Here are some post-war achievements of Camp Nelson USA Colored Troops.</p><br>
<p>Angus Burleigh was literate and enlisted at age 16, becoming a sergeant with the 12th Regiment Heavy Artillery USA Colored Troops after an escape from an Anderson County farm. In 1875, he was the first black graduate of Berea College as well as the first black adult male to enroll. The college was founded by John Fee and the American Missionary Association in 1855 and students, black and white, were enrolled. He was among blacks from Berea and Oberlin College who taught in Freedmans Schools, conducting a school in Garrard County in 1869. Later he was ordained a Methodist Episcopal minister and held pastorates in several states and served as chaplain to the Illinois State Senate. He lived until 1914 when he was Bereas oldest living graduate.</p><br>
<p>Elijah P. Marrs led 27 others from to Louisville from neighboring Simpsonville, Ky. to join the USCT. Marrs, another sergeant with the 12th US Colored Heavy Artillery, trained at Camp Nelson where he also taught reading. After the war, Marrs taught school and was ordained a Baptist minister. In 1879, he and his brother founded Baptist Normal and Theological Institute in Louisville, which became Simmons Bible College. Marrs was active with the Republican party in Kentucky. His autobiography is downloadable from the University of North Carolina&#39;s Documenting the American South Digital Publishing Initiative.</p><br>
<p>Peter Bruner wrote with his daughter his autobiography, A Slave’s Adventure Toward Freedom, Not Fiction, but the True Story of a Struggle, also included in the UNC&#39;s Documenting the American South. He recounts his frequently made unsuccessful escape attempts and subsequent severe punishments. Another member of the 12th, he enlisted with 16 other men, walking 41 miles from Irvine, Ky. Post war, Bruner moved to Oxford, Ohio and became the first African American to work at Miami University where he also enrolled. In addition to his work as a custodian and messenger, he served as a ceremonial greeter wearing a top hat and tails. He raised five children with his wife Frances Proctor. He is listed on plaque B-26 at the African American Civil War Memorial in Washington DC. His ceremonial top hat is on display at the McGuffey House and Museum of Miami University.</p><br>
<p>Gabriel Burdette while enslaved in neighboring Garrard County became active in the ministry serving at the Forks Dix River Church. Having been among the 1863 impressed workers, he enlisted July 1864 in the 114th USA Colored Infantry. He served as a teacher, nurse, and minister, leading in the development of education, housing, and aid for the refugees. He began a 12-year association with John Fee and the American Missionary Association. After serving in both Tennessee and Texas, Burdett returned and was instrumental in establishing Ariel Academy. He became the first African American on the Berea College Board of Trustees, serving 12 years. Involved in the Republican Party, the same party of President Lincoln, he campaigned in the 1872 presidential for the reelection of former Union General Grant. He served as a voting member at both the 1872 and 1876 Republican National Conventions. The violence associated with the 1876 presidential election convinced Burdett to join the Exodusters Movement to the West and emigrate with his family to Kansas.</p><br>
<h2>Recent times</h2><br>
<p>Presently, 525 acres of the original property are preserved as the Camp Nelson National Monument. Most of the buildings at the camp were sold. The camp is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was declared a National Historic Landmark District in March 2013. The site is also part of the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, which runs through several states and has sites in Canada and the Antilles.</p><br>
<p>In a more rural area than the other former USCT recruitment sites, Camp Nelson is the only one whose land was never developed after the war for other purposes.</p><br>
<p>During its existence as Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park, Camp Nelson was controlled by the Jessamine County Fiscal Court. The forested portion overlooking Hickman Creek was funded by the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves&#39; Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund.</p><br>
<p>In August 2017, USA Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke suggested to USA president Donald Trump that Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park be made into a national monument. On June 5, 2018, the United States House of Representatives approved USA Representative Andy Barr&#39;s sponsored H.R. 5655, Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument Act, aimed at establishing Camp Nelson as a part of the national park system. On July 26, 2018, a companion bill, S. 3287, was introduced in the United States Senate. On August 15, 2018, a national park committee hearing was held regarding the bill, but Congress took no further action on the legislation. On October 26, 2018, Trump used the Antiquities Act to approve the creation of Camp Nelson National Monument, transferring ownership and management of Camp Nelson to the National Park Service. The John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, signed March 12, 2019, incorporated the bill and statutorily established the monument under the name Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument, though the National Park Service has maintained the original name. Representative Barr introduced legislation in 2024 that would correct the statutory name to match that in the establishing proclamation.</p><br>
<p>The Oliver Perry House is the only surviving structure from its years as a camp. It was built in about 1846 for the newlywed couple of Oliver Perry and the former Fannie Scott. General Burnside confiscated the house during the war to serve as officers quarters. In many official letters, the house was called the "White House". It currently is under renovation.</p><br>
<p>The park has five miles of walking trails, open dawn to dusk, lining the northern border where remnants of the forts and fortifications are marked with historic signage. Fort Putnam has been reconstructed to the specifications of the original engineering plan. Re-enactors of the USCC 5th fire the sites Napoléon 12 pound cannon there during the Annual Civil War Heritage Weekend held in mid-September. The date of President Lincolns death, April 15, 1865, is commemorated with a ceremonial firing at Fort Putnam. The Visitor Center offers a 17-minute film and a museum. The National Park Service offers year-round indoor and outdoor programming.</p><br>
<p>Camp Nelson National Cemetery is one mile to the south. It has organized records of burials online so that families may trace relatives buried here, in addition to those who trained or lived at the camp.</p><br>
<h2>Media Portrayals</h2><br>
<p>Load in Nine Times by Frank X. Walker, former Poet Laureate of Kentucky. Inspired by researching his ancestors who enlisted at Camp Nelson, Walker moves chronologically from the antebellum era through Reconstruction. His forebears are Mary and Randal Edelen, 125th UCST Infantry and Elvira and Henry Clay Walker, 12th USCT Heavy Artillery. Walker weaves poetry together through the voices of the USA Colored Troops, their families, enslavers, and such historical figures as Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln and Margaret Garner. Gabriel Burdett of 114th USA Colored Infantry tells his story. A presentation with the author can be viewed here.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War’s Last Massacre on the PBS series Secrets of the Dead depicts the second murderous assault on the USCC 5th in Simpsonville, KY in January 1865. Dead were 15 with 20 wounded.</p><br>
<p>Reel History, a presentation at Camp Nelson by historian Jared Frederick explores interpretations of African American Civil War soldiers through films from Birth of a NatIon to Glory.</p><br>
<p>The San Agustin de Laredo Historic District is a historical district that covers what was once the original city of Laredo, Texas that was established by Don Tomás Sánchez. Today, the district is located in Downtown Laredo. The San Agustin District is home to San Agustin Cathedral  and to the Republic of the Rio Grande Capitol. Most of the districts streets are made from bricks. Most of the buildings in the district reflect Spanish and Mexican influences and are made from masonry. The district is considered the last example of Spanish Colonization of the Lower Rio Grande Valley. The San Agustin de Laredo Historic District is registered in the National Register of Historic Places since 1973. Its historic significance is Architecture and Engineering. Its architectural style is Mission, Spanish Revival, and Greek Revival.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of San Agustin Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Somerset Apartments was an apartment building located in Detroit, Michigan. It was also known as the Parkcrest Apartment Building. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Somerset Apartments were five interconnected rectangular buildings, each four stories, built in a row running rearward from Jefferson. It had 80 units and was over 45,000 ft&sup2;. The front façade was symmetrical, faced with limestone on the first story and red brick above, with arched windows on the first floor. The roofline had a dentiled cornice with a white frieze below.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The apartment building was an excellent example of high-quality middle-class residential architecture from the 1920s. The Somerset Apartments was in a two-alarm fire on November 23, 2013. It was damaged beyond repair and was demolished 7 months later.</p><br>
<p>The Moross House is a house located at 1460 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It is one of the oldest surviving brick house in the city; it was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Moross House was built in 1840 by French brickmaker Christopher Moross; it was one of two homes built by him on the site. The Moross House is the oldest brick dwelling remaining in the city of Detroit. Ownership of the property changed hands several times, and included owner Colonel Freeman Norvell, son of US Senator John Norvell of Michigan. The Colonel fought at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, was a University of Michigan Regent, State Senator and co-owner of the Detroit Free Press. The Detroit Historical Commission purchased the property in the 1960s and completely restored the home from 1971 - 1973. The home was placed on the National Historic Register in 1972. The city of Detroit operated the home as the Moross House Museum and the Detroit Garden Center used the house and gardens for events, meetings, parties and sensational plantings. According to the University Michigan, the gardens contain the oldest, or second oldest, wisteria in the Midwest. In 2002 the city of Detroit sold the home and property to Mr. and Mr. Roland Scott. In April 2016, the Moross House and property was sold to LTD Limited, LLC, a Michigan Limited Liability Company owned by Linda K. Schinkel Rodney and her two sons Theodore M. Shinkle and N. Douglas Shinkle and Theodore individually. The home and property are currently the studio, showroom and gallery for Schinkel Fine Art, LLC, a fine art business representing the artworks of Mother/Son Artist Duo Linda Schinkel Rodney and Theodore M. Schinkel. The Artist Duo creates luminous dimensional 2D mixed media metal sculpture from their original artist process: etch, engrave, paint, and grind by hand, photography, media, print, and automotive finish, known as Metalagram®. LTD Limited is currently renovating the Moross House and gardens, now Detroit Secret Garden, to restore and bring back the Moross House legacy of inspiring the arts and serving the city of Detroit as an event and garden space. A 2020 launch is planned for Moross House events and accommodations rentals and more.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Moross House is a three-bay townhouse, built in a vernacular Federal style with Greek Revival details, including heavy stone lintels and sidelights and a transom surrounding the entrance. The roof is parapeted with wood shingles, and a pair of chimneys bracket the roof. A single-story addition sits to the rear, and a second is on the side.</p><br>
<p>The Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Monument is a replica of the Statue of Liberty  in Pine Bluff Memorial Gardens, on the south side of 10th Avenue between Georgia and State Street in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. It was placed by the Boy Scouts of America  as part of its 1950s era campaign, "Strengthen the Arm of Liberty." The statue is 8 ft in height, made of copper, and is mounted on concrete base 3.5 ft tall. The statue faces north, toward the Pine Bluff Civic Center, and there is a bronze commemorative plaque on the north face of the base. It is one of two BSA-placed statues in the state; the other is in Fayetteville.</p><br>
<p>The statue was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Monument in Fayetteville, Arkansas, is a replica of the Statue of Liberty . It was placed by the Boy Scouts of America as part of its 1950s-era campaign, "Strengthen the Arm of Liberty".</p><br>
<p>It is located in front of Washington Regional Medical Center on North Hills Blvd.</p><br>
<p>The statue was removed from the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 when it was improperly moved to its new location, but was later relisted.</p><br>
<p>The McCarthy Building is located on River Street on the west side of Monument Square in Troy, New York, United States. It was built in 1904 by Peter McCarthy, president of Troy Waste Manufacturing Co., and remains in use as a commercial building. In 1970 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, along with the nearby Cannon Building. Since 1986 it has also been a contributing property to the Central Troy Historic District.</p><br>
<p>It is five stories tall and three bays wide. The eastern (front) facade is done in terra cotta with details in iron and glass. The latter two materials are combined to create the building&#39;s most distinctive feature, the proscenium-style arched window across the bottom two stories.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1904 during an early 20th-century building boom in downtown Troy. It originally housed the R.C. Reynolds home furnishing store. The store&#39;s grand opening on September 16, 1904 was attended by a crowd of thousands. An article in the Troy Times praised the building calling it "one of the most attractive show buildings in the city". It was almost demolished during urban renewal efforts in the late 1960s, but protests from residents and its listing on the Register helped to save it. In the 2000s, it became home to Light & Power Communications Ltd., a Capital District media company. In 2020, the McCarthy Building was converted to luxury apartments.</p><br>
<p>The One Main Building, formerly the Merchants and Manufacturers Building , is a building on the campus of the University of Houston–Downtown. The building is recognized as part of the National Register of Historic Places, is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, and considered a Contributing Building in Downtown Houstons Main Street/Market Square Historic District. The building was built above Allens Landing—an area where Houston&#39;s founders John Kirby Allen and Augustus Chapman Allen originally settled.</p><br>
<p>The Merchants and Manufacturers Building was built in 1930 and was the largest building in the city at the time. Although the commerce-focused building featured 14 miles of floor space and could accommodate one-third of the city&#39;s population, the Great Depression in the United States stifled initial participation. The building was purchased by South Texas Junior College in the 1960s, which became the university of Houston–Downtown College in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The building remains as the largest facility of the University of Houston–Downtown and was given an official designation as "One Main Building," or simply the "Main Building," by the university.</p><br>
<p>Annington is a historic home located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The house is constructed of brick, Flemish bond, consisting of three two-story sections: a main block three bays wide, a wing to the west two bays wide, and a wing to the east three bays wide. The house was built during the wheat boom of the early 1810s that the western counties of Maryland and nearby Virginia experienced with the opening of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The Georgian house was built in about 1813, for Daniel Trundle, a planter, and member of the Maryland State Legislature for ten years. The site is a commanding one, overlooking the Potomac River, and during the American Civil War was a strategic lookout point and occupied by Union officers.</p><br>
<p>Annington was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Beall–Dawson House is a historic home located in Rockville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story Federal house, three bays wide by two bays deep, constructed of Flemish bond brick on the front facade and common bond elsewhere. Outbuildings on the property include an original brick dairy house and a mid-19th century one-room Gothic Revival frame doctor&#39;s office which was moved to the site for use as a museum. The house was constructed in 1815.</p><br>
<p>It serves as the headquarters of the Montgomery County Historical Society, which maintains the house as an early 19th-century historic house museum. The house also includes indoor slave quarters and two rooms with changing exhibits of local history.</p><br>
<p>The Beall–Dawson House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The property also includes the Stonestreet Museum of 19th Century Medicine, a one-room doctor&#39;s office with medical and pharmaceutical tools, furniture, and books from the 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Beall–Dawson House was built circa 1815 for Upton Beall and his wife and daughters. Beall, from a prominent Georgetown family, was Clerk of the Court for the county, and he wanted a home that would reflect his wealth and status. In 1815, Rockville was a small rural community, despite being the county seat and an important cross-roads town. Beall&#39;s large brick Federal-style home, built overlooking Commerce Lane (now West Montgomery Avenue), was designed to impress both inside and out.</p><br>
<p>After Beall died in 1827, ownership of the house moved to his wife, Jane, and his three surviving daughters, Mathilda, Jane Elizabeth, and Margaret. Jane Beall never remarried, and her three daughters never married. The daughters lived in the house their entire lives. After Mathilda and Jane Elizabeth died, Margaret Beall invited a cousin, Amelia Somervell, to live in the house with her. Somervell married John L. Dawson, a local farmer and landowner, and lived at the house with her husband and nine children (eight of whom survived to adulthood). When the last of Bealls daughters died in the late 1800s, she left the house to three of Somervell-Dawsons daughters, continuing the tradition of three sisters being owners of the house.</p><br>
<p>As money grew tight, the Dawsons turned to the house to provide an income, starting a restaurant that ran out of the front yard, teaching dancing lessons to neighborhood children, and taking on boarders. Despite the Dawsons&#39; best efforts, however, the house began to suffer from neglect.</p><br>
<p>After the last of the Dawson sisters died, the house was sold to the Davis family in 1946. The Davises, who had been looking to take on a fixer-upper, set about restoring the house to its former grandeur. The family returned much of the house to how it would have looked while under the Bealls family care, along with adding an addition to the side of what used to be the servants/slave quarters that housed a modern kitchen and dressing the original kitchen as the familys dining room.</p><br>
<p>After Edwin Daviss death, Mrs. Daviss passion for their project waned, and she sold the house to the City of Rockville, where it became the Montgomery County Historical Society&#39;s headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The Bethesda Meeting House is a historic Presbyterian church complex in Bethesda, Montgomery County, Maryland, US. Its name became the namesake of the entire surrounding community in the 1870s. It sits on Maryland Route 355  just inside the Capital Beltway. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bethesda Meeting House property includes the 1850 meeting house itself, the mid-late 19th-century parsonage to the south, and the associated cemetery. The church is a large, wood-frame structure built in the Greek Revival "temple" form, albeit with Gothic-style windows. To the south of the church is a two-story frame Victorian parsonage built on a cruciform plan, with some Queen Anne-style embellishments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built on the foundation of an 1820 Presbyterian church that burned down in 1849. Opened in 1850, it served as the Bethesda Presbyterian Church until 1925, when the congregation erected a new church on Wilson Lane, farther south in Bethesda. When the church moved to its new location in 1925, the trustees sold the building and 7 acre of land to Mrs. May Fitch Kelley. The Presbyterian congregation, however, retained ownership of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Kelley lived in the church building for many years. In 1945, the property was sold to a French Algerian Catholic missionary group called the Missionaries of Africa, commonly known as the White Fathers. In the 1950s, the property was transferred again, this time to the trustees of the Temple Hill Baptist Church.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>In the 1860s, the churchs pastor, Rev. Edward Henry Cumpston, began lobbying the local postmaster, Robert Franck, to rename his post office from "Darcys Store". Franck did so in 1871, and the surrounding community took the name as well.</p><br>
<p>The Bethesda Theatre, constructed in 1938, is a historic Streamline Moderne movie theater located at 7719 Wisconsin Avenue , Bethesda, Maryland, United States. It is a multi-level building composed of rectangular blocks: an auditorium block and a lower street-front lobby and entrance block, including shops. The theatre retains its original configuration of lobby, foyer, lounges, and auditorium. Many original interior finishes, including painted murals, remain intact, with the exception of the original seating. It was designed by the firm of the world-renowned "Dean of American Theatre Architects," John Eberson.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 it re-opened as the "Bethesda Cinema and Drafthouse" showing movies on a single screen and serving food and beer. In 1990 it changed its name to the "Bethesda Theatre Cafe". In 2007, under the leadership of Executive Director Ray Cullom, it underwent a major renovation and became a venue for theatrical productions. Cullom produced well-received DC-premiers of “I Love You, You’re Perfect, Now Change”, the hit musical “Altar Boyz”, Smokey Joe&#39;s Cafe” and brought over several innovative productions from the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. In 2009, the theatre was forced to shut down after a severe water leak in the building directly above the auditorium and technical control booths caused the landmarked Art Deco ceiling to fall in, and rendered the theatre uninhabitable. The theatre was auctioned off on June 29, 2010, and reopened in 2013 as the Bethesda Blues & Jazz Supper Club.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Bingham-Brewer House is a historic home located at Rockville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story, Federal-style brick house, with a Flemish bind front facade, dating to 1821. Also on the property is a late-19th century smokehouse, privy, and a late-19th or early-20th century chicken house.</p><br>
<p>The Bingham-Brewer House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Brookeville Woolen Mill and House is a historic home and woolen mill located in Brookeville, Maryland, in Montgomery County. The complex consists of two buildings constructed of rubble masonry. The woolen mill is a small one-story structure. South of the mill are two stone worker&#39;s houses, one of which is a three-by-two-bay, -story stone house. The house was most likely constructed prior to 1783. The complex may have been built by the Riggs family, who later became well-known bankers and merchants in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Edward Beale House is a historic home located at Potomac, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is a Colonial Revival residence built in 1938, and designed to look like a Pennsylvania farmhouse that has evolved over centuries. The -story house has a modified telescope form composed of stone and frame sections covered with side-gable slate shingle roofs. It was designed and built by Delaware architects Pope and Kruse.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>William Barlow House  is a historic building in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<p>Barlow House was home to William Barlow, namesake of the city of Barlow and son of Samuel K. Barlow, who built the Barlow Road. The house is located south of Barlow, between Canby and Aurora on 99E. It was built in an Italianate style in 1885,</p><br>
<p>and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 15, 1977. It now operates as a privately owned museum and is open by appointment.</p><br>
<p>The John A. Belt Building is a historic commercial building located at 227 East Diamond Avenue in Gaithersburg, Montgomery County, Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was constructed in 1903, and consists of a two-story rectangular brick building. In the center of the east elevation parapet is raised half-lunette inscribed "1903" and underneath, "J.A. Belt." John A. Belt, was a well known and substantial entrepreneur in Montgomery County in the late 19th and early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 9, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The East Portland Branch, Public Library of Multnomah County housed part of the library system of Multnomah County, Oregon, from 1911 to 1967. Designed by architect A. E. Doyle, the structure was completed in 1911 in Portland at 1110 Southeast Alder Street in the city&#39;s central eastside. Funded in part by the Carnegie Foundation, the original building consisted of one floor and a daylight basement and included reading rooms for children and adults. The building had a red brick exterior, terra-cotta trim, and a roof of green Spanish tiles. Remodeled in 1956 and remodeled again prior to its sale in 1967, the one-story building, which had rooms 18 ft high, became a two-story office building.</p><br>
<p>From 1864 until 1902, Portland had subscription libraries that were open to the public, but it had no tax-supported public library. Within months of the change from subscription library to free public library, the number of users grew from 1,000 members to 8,000 registered borrowers.</p><br>
<p>The subscription libraries had reading rooms only in downtown Portland. To accommodate the growing number of users, the new library established reading rooms in other parts of the city. By 1907, it had neighborhood branches in Sellwood, Albina, and the central eastside neighborhood. Doyle designed a small temporary building for the eastside branch before money became available for the permanent structure.</p><br>
<p>Chiswells Inheritance, also known as Chiswells Manor, Chiswell&#39;s Delight and Grayhaven Manor, is a historic home located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story, five-bay brick plantation house with an attached kitchen wing on the south end. Inlaid in glazed brick near the peak of the gable is the inscription "C S" with the date "1796" below.</p><br>
<p>Chiswell&#39;s Inheritance was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>CHISWELL&#39;S INHERITANCE, POOLESVILLE, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MD.jpg</p><br>
<p>Clifton is a historic home located at Ednor, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story gambrel-roofed brick structure with a lower north wing, also with a gambrel roof. Outbuildings on the property include a wood-frame shed and a guest house or cottage. It is one of the few extant mid-18th-century buildings in Montgomery County and is associated with the local Quaker community, which by 1753 had been organized into the Sandy Spring Meeting of Friends.</p><br>
<p>Clifton was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Clover Hill is a historic home located at Brookeville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a large, -story, five bay Italianate-style residence principally built about 1857, with evidence of several earlier building campaigns, including a log dwelling from the mid 18th century. The ruins of a large bank barn and a stone springhouse stand on the property. The house was built by Ephraim Gaither, a Maryland legislator  and locally prominent citizen.</p><br>
<p>Clover Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Darnall Place is a historic farm complex located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The farm complex consists of four small 18th-century stone buildings, a 19th-century frame wagon shed/corn crib, a 20th-century concrete block barn, and three late-19th- or early-20th-century frame sheds. The stone buildings are all constructed of red-brown Seneca sandstone. The one-story dwelling has a large external stone chimney on the east end. The farmstead is reminiscent of those in Europe or the British Isles.</p><br>
<p>Darnall Place was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Darnall Place HABS MD1.jpgIn 1936</p><br>
<p>Darnall Place, Poolesville, Montgomery County, MD.jpg</p><br>
<p>DARNALL PLACE, POOLESVILLE MONTGOMERY CTY, MD.jpgCourtyard with modern house in center</p><br>
<p>Davis-Warner House is an historic home located at 8114 Carroll Avenue, Silver Spring, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is a large, three story frame Queen Anne style residence constructed about 1875. It is one of the oldest residences around Takoma Park, and one of the only surviving Stick–Eastlake style examples left in the Washington D.C., area. It was built by John B. and Vorlinda Davis, who also operated a small store on nearby University Boulevard .</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In the early 20th century it was used as a gambling hall and speakeasy, then from 1940 until 1987, it housed the private "Cynthia Warner School," serving the educational needs of thousands of children of Takoma Park families from elementary through the high school level. In 1987 the property was purchased by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Church began demolition of the building, but in 1991, Mark and Kira Davis purchased a half-acre section of the plot from the Church, and moved the house 150 meters to a new foundation, out of the way of the Church&#39;s construction plans, to preserve it from demolition.</p><br>
<p>The Davis family restored the building as a residence. Kira Davis operated her business "PaperFaces" from the location (an art studio and customized paper doll business), and Mark Davis operated an international trade law firm Davis & Leiman PC from the premises as well. In 1997 the Davises sold the property to Douglas A. Harbit and Robert F. Patenaude, who operated a bed and breakfast called The Davis-Warner Inn. They also qualified the property for registry with the National Register of Historic Places, and ceded development rights to the property in perpetuity to Historic Takoma, a local historic preservation society. Harbit and Patenaude coined the name "Davis-Warner House" to honor the Davis family that originally built the house, the Davis family that moved and restored the house, and Cynthia Warner, who operated the private school for much of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Davis-Warner Inn closed in 2006, and in 2010 the building was purchased out of foreclosure by the Missionaries of Charity, who repainted it Marian blue and operated it as a convent.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Davis-Warner Inn was purchased by local architect, Eric Saul, and his wife, Diana Simpson, for use as their primary residence.</p><br>
<p>Dowdens Luck is a historic house located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The main house is a -story, late Federal-style frame house. Major additions were made in 1855 and 1910. Also on the property are a one-story gable-roofed stone slave quarters, a one-story gable-roofed brick smokehouse, a stone spring house, and the foundations of two barns, all built during the 1824-1850 plantation period. An overgrown terraced garden in its original configuration as constructed around 1855 stands to the west of the house. Dowdens Luck was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>DOWDEN&#39;S LUCK, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MD.jpgModern barns</p><br>
<p>The Drury-Austin House is a historic home located at Boyds, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is a -story dwelling comprising two sections: a late-18th-century one-room plan log house , which was doubled in size by the addition of a one-room timber-frame section in the early 19th century. The house is exemplary of the type of dwelling that characterized western Montgomery County in the earliest phase of its settlement.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Friends Advice is a historic home and national historic district located at Boyds, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is an estate dominated by a main house of local sandstone in the impressive overall image of a Georgian plantation house. The earliest portion, the ca. 1806 Federal style block, sits on a stone foundation with a gable roof and gabled dormers. Later additions include a Colonial Revival-style block constructed in 1939–40; a Federal style block of the first quarter of the 19th century; and a frame block constructed in 1882 on the foundation of an 18th-century log structure. General Albert C. Wedemeyer  and his wife, whose family owned this property since the 18th century, used this estate as their permanent home throughout his military career and after his retirement in 1951, until his death in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Friends Advice was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Old National Park Service Housing Historic District in Bryce Canyon National Park represents the first housing development within the park specifically designed to house National Park Service employees. Most of these units were intended for unmarried seasonal employees, and were small in scale. The majority were built between 1932 and 1936. Plans were developed by the Park Service Branch of Plans and Design. The district includes several cabins, a ranger dormitory, and a "wood vendor" structure.</p><br>
<p>Park Church runs the length of an entire city block in Elmira, New York. The church was constructed from 1874 through 1876, replacing its much smaller, wooden predecessor. It was designed by Horatio Nelson White. The design of the limestone and brick church is highly eclectic. Besides its architecture, the church is significant for its congregation of abolitionists and humanitarians. From 1854 until his death in 1900, Thomas Kennicott Beecher was the pastor of Park Church. Beecher, together with his twelve siblings including author Harriet Beecher Stowe, was brought up by liberal reformist clergyman Lyman Beecher.</p><br>
<p>Mayhurst is an 1859 Italianate mansion in Orange, Virginia. It was built by the Willis family relatives of President James Madison as the plantation house for an estate comprising 2,500 acre of fields, pastures and forest. It was a scene of action in the Civil War. It is currently operated as an Inn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mayhurst was completed in 1860 by Colonel John Willis, a great-nephew of President James Madison. Colonel Willis acquired Mayhurst, then and during his lifetime known as Howard Place, from the estate of Charles P. Howard in 1856.</p><br>
<p>During the winter of 1863-64 when the Army of Northern Virginia was camped in Orange County, Lieutenant General A. P. Hill had his headquarters in the yard at Mayhurst. The Mort Künstler painting "Tender is the Heart" is set at Mayhurst.</p><br>
<p>During Reconstruction from 1866 until 1870 the house was owned by New Yorker Latham Higgins. It was occupied by the family of Higgins&#39; sister Laura Ann Higgins Bond and Federal Judge Hiram Bond their son Marshall Latham Bond was born there.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Mayhurst is a frame two-story structure set on an exposed brick basement with an attic level lighted by small windows in the eaves and circular windows placed in each of the four cross-gables of the hipped roof. The roof is surmounted by two large chimneys and a central belvedere. This belvedere reflects the roof shape which surrounds it and completes the total pyramidal massing with an elaborate finial. The entire exterior wall surface above the brick basement is covered by wooden drop siding cut to resemble ashlar stonework. The deep, overhanging eaves are emphasized by the placing of oversized paired brackets, with their undulating curves and pendants, around the entire roofline.</p><br>
<p>The three-bay main facade (north) features a central entrance porch with an elliptical-arched fanlight and sidelights framing the double doors. On the second level, twin-arched windows which open to the balustraded porch roof visually support the circular window above, set in the cross-gable. At either side of the central porch and window bay on the first level are also twin-arched windows with hood molds and shallow balconies. On the second level of the two end bays are three-sectioned windows in the Palladian motif. The east and west facades are similar, both being four bays wide and having arched windows. On the east front, however, a five-sectioned oriel bay was placed on the first story which is partially blocked by a frame wing added circa 1912. The rear (south) facade has been partially obscured by shallow wings and a sleeping porch.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the broad central hall is divided at midpoint by a graceful elliptical arch which rests at either side on piers alluding to the Doric order in detail. The stair which ascends along the east wall of the hall and curves at the beginning and end of each flight, develops exceptional rhythm of design due to the repetition of the octagonal-shaped and turned balusters, two to a tread. In addition, the scrolled, uncarved brackets on the step ends and the fascia board on the landings increase the activity of the design, making the stairway the finest single piece of woodwork in the house.</p><br>
<p>Two rooms flank the hall on both sides and offer a calm contrast to the stair by featuring broad, flat window and door framings as well as black marble mantels with arched openings and subtle curving lines in the shelf. The southeast room has been partitioned into several smaller rooms, including a kitchen. Although most doors have a pair of small rectangular panels below the lock rail with two tall ones above, variations occur with the lower panels being octagonal while the upper panels have arched tops.</p><br>
<p>An old structure to the rear appears to date from the first quarter of the nineteenth century due to some remaining architrave door framings and doors, the brick noggin walls, and the 6&#39;-10" wide fireplaces on both ends of the two-story, hipped roof building. This house is believed to be the original Howard dwelling.</p><br>
<p>East Oaks is a historic home and farm complex and national historic district located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is a 156 acre farm complex consisting of a -story, c. 1829 Federal-period brick residence situated on a knoll surrounded by agricultural buildings and dependencies whose construction dates span more than a century. The complex of domestic and agricultural outbuildings includes a brick smokehouse, sandstone slave quarter, stone bank barn, stone dairy, and log and frame tenant house which are contemporaneous with the construction of the main dwelling. Other agricultural buildings include a small frame barn and machinery shed/corn crib from the end of the 19th century, and a block dairy barn from the mid 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Airport Clear Zone Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This property is part of the Geological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrnea Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Old Fort Park Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrna Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Old Stone Wharf Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrnea Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Blanchette Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrnea Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrnea Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Janet&#39;s Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrnea Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Turnbull Colonists&#39; House Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. It is located at 1919 North Dixie Freeway. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrnea Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Sleepy Hollow Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrnea Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The White–Fox House Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 10, 2008.</p><br>
<p>This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrnea Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Turnbull Colonists&#39; House No. 2 Archeological Site is a historic site in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. On July 10, 2008, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This property is part of the Archeological Resources of the 18th-Century Smyrnea Settlement of Dr. Andrew Turnbull Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank and Trust Building is a historic building on Public Square in downtown Lima, Ohio, United States. The rectangular building, completed in 1926, was designed by Weary & Alford Company, an architectural firm from Chicago. It was the location of the offices of the First National Bank and Trust Company from 1926 until 1974, when the company became a part of Huntington Bank. The structure&#39;s twelve stories are faced with Indiana Limestone. Each column of windows is topped with an arch window on the highest floor, and the spandrels between the arch windows are connected to each other.</p><br>
<p>Founded as the "Lima Trust Company" in 1903, the First National Bank and Trust used a Masonic building in its earliest years. Starting in 1906, it operated in a smaller building (now destroyed), which served as its offices until it moved into its newly erected structure in 1926. In recognition of its historic significance, the First National Bank and Trust was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was one of seventeen Lima buildings that was added to the National Register as part of the "Lima Multiple Resource Area," a Multiple Property Submission that concentrated on architecturally significant buildings in or near downtown Lima.</p><br>
<p>Aside from its importance as a historic site, the First National Bank and Trust Building plays a leading part in local ornithology: the building is a nesting site for peregrine falcons and is part of the Midwest Peregrine Falcon Restoration Project.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Llewellyn Wright House is a historic home located at 7927 Deepwell Drive in Bethesda, Maryland. It is an 1800-square foot two-story concrete-block structure designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1953, and constructed in 1957 for his sixth child, Robert Llewellyn Wright , who worked at the Justice Department.</p><br>
<p>The Usonian house was designed using intersecting and concentric segments of a circle, or "hemicycles". Initial designs were scrapped after the construction was too costly.</p><br>
<p>The house can be seen from Deepwell Drive on a sloping lot that overlooks a stream. It is also visible from the Cabin John Stream Valley Trail, which follows the Cabin John Creek below it. In 1960, the grounds were landscaped by Lloyd Wright, brother of the client, and the son of the architect.</p><br>
<p>As of 2010, the house was inhabited by Tom Wright, grandson of Frank Lloyd Wright, and a volcano specialist.</p><br>
<p>It is one of only two Wright-designed structures in Maryland; the other is the Joseph Euchtman House in Baltimore County.</p><br>
<p>Woodend is a historic home located in the Montgomery County, Maryland, town of Chevy Chase. This Georgian Revival house was built by Chester and Marion Wells in 1927–1928, and owned by the Audubon Naturalist Society of the Central Atlantic States. It is a -story house with Flemish bond brick walls and brick quoins. The house was designed by John Russell Pope.</p><br>
<p>The society maintains the Woodend Nature Sanctuary on the 40 acre property, which is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Wiley-Ringland House is a historic home in the Town of Somerset, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is named for its original owner / builder Harvey Washington Wiley and longtime owner / resident, Arthur Cuming Ringland. The house is a -story Queen Anne-style frame building built about 1893. A fire in 1978 virtually destroyed the house, but it was restored between 2001 and 2002 by new owners.</p><br>
<p>The Wiley-Ringland House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
